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23

Em resumo a %siopatologia da RD e do EMD é sem dúvida complexa, mul-

tifactorial e tem pormenores não esclarecidos (%gura 4). Não é, contudo, um

labirinto de reacções incompreensível.

Referências

1. Curtis TM, Gardiner TA, Stitt AW. Microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: clues

towards understanding pathogenesis. Eye. July 2009;23:1496-1508.

2. Bhagat N, Grigorian RA., Tutela A, Zarbin MA. Diabetic Macular Edema: Pathogenesis

and Treatment. Survey of Ophthalmology. January-February 2009;54(1):1-32.

3. Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Minh LL, et al. A central role for in`ammation in the pathogene-

sis of diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J. 2004 Sep;18(12):1450-2. Epub 2004 Jul 1

4. Peppa M, Uribarri J, Vlassara H. Glucose, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Dia-

betes Complications: What Is New and What Works. Clinical Diabetes. October 2003,

21(4), 186-187.

5. Ogata N, Tombran-Tink J, Jo N, Mrazek D, Matsumura M. Up-regulation of pigment

epithelium-derived factor after laser photocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001

Sep;132(3):427-9.

6. Tombran-Tink J, Barnstable CJ. PEDF: a multifaceted neurotrophic factor. Nat Rev Neu-

rosci. 2003 Aug;4(8):628-36.