23
Em resumo a %siopatologia da RD e do EMD é sem dúvida complexa, mul-
tifactorial e tem pormenores não esclarecidos (%gura 4). Não é, contudo, um
labirinto de reacções incompreensível.
Referências
1. Curtis TM, Gardiner TA, Stitt AW. Microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: clues
towards understanding pathogenesis. Eye. July 2009;23:1496-1508.
2. Bhagat N, Grigorian RA., Tutela A, Zarbin MA. Diabetic Macular Edema: Pathogenesis
and Treatment. Survey of Ophthalmology. January-February 2009;54(1):1-32.
3. Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Minh LL, et al. A central role for in`ammation in the pathogene-
sis of diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J. 2004 Sep;18(12):1450-2. Epub 2004 Jul 1
4. Peppa M, Uribarri J, Vlassara H. Glucose, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Dia-
betes Complications: What Is New and What Works. Clinical Diabetes. October 2003,
21(4), 186-187.
5. Ogata N, Tombran-Tink J, Jo N, Mrazek D, Matsumura M. Up-regulation of pigment
epithelium-derived factor after laser photocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001
Sep;132(3):427-9.
6. Tombran-Tink J, Barnstable CJ. PEDF: a multifaceted neurotrophic factor. Nat Rev Neu-
rosci. 2003 Aug;4(8):628-36.




